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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Investigating Drivers of Antireward in Addiction Behavior with Anatomically Specific Single-Cell Gene Expression Methods
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Tramadol dependence: a case series from India.

Siddharth Sarkar1, Naresh Nebhinani, Shubh M Singh

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Drug De-addiction Treatment Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
|February 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Tramadol, a synthetic analgesic, can lead to dependence, even when prescribed. Caution is advised when prescribing tramadol to patients with a history of substance use disorders.

Keywords:
Abusedependenceseriestramadol

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Clinical Case Series

Background:

  • Tramadol is a synthetic analgesic with dual opioid and non-opioid mechanisms.
  • Its use in patients with existing substance use disorders requires careful consideration.

Observation:

  • Seven male patients presented with tramadol dependence.
  • Initial tramadol use was often prescribed for pain, detoxification, or as an alternative to injectable opioids.
  • Daily tramadol doses ranged from 50 to 1500 mg, with reported euphoria.

Findings:

  • Most patients had a history of other opioid use.
  • Naltrexone treatment was attempted in four patients but resulted in poor compliance.
  • The study highlights the potential for tramadol misuse and dependence in vulnerable populations.

Implications:

  • This case series emphasizes the need for cautious tramadol prescription in patients with a history of substance dependence.
  • Healthcare providers should be vigilant regarding tramadol's abuse potential.
  • Further research into managing tramadol dependence is warranted.