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Updated: May 13, 2026

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process
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Localization in reverberation with cochlear implants: predicting performance from basic psychophysical measures.

Stefan Kerber1, Bernhard U Seeber

  • 1MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, UK. kerber@mytum.de

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO
|February 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users struggle with sound localization in reverberant environments. Sensitivity to envelope interaural time differences (ITDs) significantly predicts their ability to localize sounds in noisy spaces.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process
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An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
07:52

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) aim to restore hearing but often result in impaired sound localization, especially in reverberant conditions.
  • Reverberation exacerbates localization difficulties for CI users, even in environments where normal-hearing listeners perform well.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing sound localization in bilateral CI users in both anechoic and reverberant environments.
  • To determine the relationship between sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs), interaural level differences (ILDs), and forward masking with localization performance.

Main Methods:

  • Seven bilateral CI users' localization abilities were assessed in anechoic and simulated reverberant rooms.
  • Sensitivity to ITDs, ILDs, and forward masking was measured using direct computer control of electrical stimulation.
  • Localization performance was quantified using the coefficient of determination (r²) and root mean squared error.

Main Results:

  • Localization performance was significantly worse in reverberant conditions compared to anechoic conditions.
  • Sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs) best predicted performance in anechoic settings.
  • Sensitivity to envelope interaural time differences (ITDs) strongly predicted the decline in localization performance due to reverberation (r²=0.92).

Conclusions:

  • Envelope ITDs are crucial for supporting sound localization in reverberant spaces for bilateral CI users.
  • Enhancing perceptual access to envelope ITDs could significantly improve real-world sound localization for individuals with CIs.
  • Forward masking results offered minimal predictive value for localization performance.