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Related Concept Videos

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

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The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For example, the parenchyma cells of leaves possess only a thin, primary cell wall.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Direct Observation and Automated Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Direct Observation and Automated Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Guarding the green: pathways to stomatal immunity.

Katja Sawinski1, Sophia Mersmann, Silke Robatzek

  • 1Westfalische Wilhelms Universitat, Munster, Germany.

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions : MPMI
|February 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Plant guard cells control gas exchange by opening or closing stomata. Stomatal closure prevents microbial entry, highlighting plant immunity

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Plant immunity
  • Plant physiology

Background:

  • Guard cells regulate plant gas exchange and transpiration by modulating stomatal aperture.
  • Stomata, as pores, are entry points for microbes, necessitating plant defense mechanisms.
  • Plants possess an active immunity layer at the preinvasive level through stomatal closure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the signaling pathways involved in stomatal closure.
  • To explore the intersection between microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-induced and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closures.
  • To discuss common signaling components in biotic and abiotic stress responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of signaling pathways in stomatal closure.
  • Analysis of common components in MAMP- and ABA-induced stomatal closure.

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  • Discussion of the integration of external and internal cues in guard cell function.

    • Main Results:

    • Stomatal closure is a key component of plant preinvasive immunity.
    • Signaling pathways for MAMP- and ABA-induced stomatal closures share common elements like reactive oxygen species, calcium, kinases, and hormones.
    • External cues (light, CO2, water) and internal signals (ABA) modulate stomatal aperture.

    Conclusions:

    • Guard cells play a crucial role in both physiological regulation and plant immunity.
    • There is significant overlap in signaling pathways between responses to pathogens and drought stress.
    • Understanding these shared pathways is vital for comprehending plant stress responses.