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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage
07:57

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Published on: April 23, 2017

Matrix fixed charge density modulates exudate concentration during cartilage compression.

Lok Shun Ko1, Thomas M Quinn

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Biophysical Journal
|February 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrolyte filtration in cartilage, caused by fixed charges in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), dilutes exudate during compression. This finding impacts streaming potential measurements, especially at high strains.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cartilage extracellular matrix contains fixed negative charges from glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
  • Electrolyte filtration due to these charges is often overlooked but can influence experimental outcomes.
  • Accurate interpretation of cartilage biomechanics requires understanding ion transport phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify electrolyte filtration in cartilage during compression.
  • To investigate the influence of fixed charges on ion concentration in cartilage exudate.
  • To assess the impact of filtration on streaming potential measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Chloride ion concentration in cartilage exudate was measured using Mohr's titration.
  • Explant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was determined colorimetrically.
  • Experiments were conducted at a controlled strain rate (8 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) using varying compression strains and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Exudate chloride concentration was significantly lower than bath concentration at strains of 37.5-62.5% (p < 0.05).
  • This dilution effect was dependent on strain magnitude and bath concentration.
  • Lower exudate chloride correlated with higher post-compression GAG content, unlike in control agarose gels.

Conclusions:

  • Fixed charges in cartilage GAGs cause electrolyte filtration, leading to dilute exudate upon compression.
  • This filtration phenomenon can generate diffusion potentials, affecting streaming potential measurements.
  • Consideration of electrolyte filtration is crucial for accurate cartilage modeling and experimental design.