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Vaccinations

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Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

Published on: July 26, 2019

NSW annual immunisation coverage report, 2011.

Brynley Hull¹, Aditi Dey, Sue Campbell-Lloyd

¹National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead. brynley.hull@health.nsw.gov.au

New South Wales Public Health Bulletin

|February 28, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This report tracks immunisation coverage in NSW for children, adolescents, and the elderly up to 2011. Key findings show high childhood vaccination rates and improved adolescent and elderly vaccine uptake.

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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Area of Science:

Public Health
Epidemiology
Immunisation

Background:

Annual reports are crucial for monitoring public health trends.
Immunisation coverage is a key indicator of population health and disease prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

To document trends in immunisation coverage in New South Wales (NSW) for children, adolescents, and the elderly.
To provide an updated assessment of vaccination rates up to the end of 2011.

Main Methods:

Utilised data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register.
Incorporated data from the NSW School Immunisation Program.
Included data from the NSW Population Health Survey to calculate coverage measures.

Main Results:

Maintained over 90% immunisation coverage for children at 12 and 24 months.
Sustained high coverage (around 90%) for children at 5 years of age.
Observed improved adolescent vaccination rates for human papillomavirus, hepatitis B, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines. Pneumococcal vaccination coverage in the elderly steadily increased, though remained lower than influenza vaccine coverage.

Conclusions:

The report highlights immunisation coverage trends across all age groups in NSW.
The inclusion of pneumococcal conjugate, varicella, and meningococcal C vaccines in official 'fully immunised' assessments from 2013 is a positive development for public health monitoring.