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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...

Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

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Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens

Published on: September 12, 2016

EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002-2011.

Alexander Rosewell¹, Tracie Reinten-Reynolds, Paula J Spokes

¹Health Protection NSW. arosw@doh.health.nsw.gov.au

New South Wales Public Health Bulletin

|February 28, 2013

Summary

Measles outbreaks in NSW, though rare, are linked to international travel. Maintaining high childhood vaccination rates and clinician awareness is crucial for continued measles control.

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Public Health
Infectious Disease Surveillance

Background:

Measles has been eliminated in New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade.
Outbreaks continue to occur, primarily associated with international travel.
Sustaining measles elimination requires ongoing surveillance and control measures.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the epidemiology of measles in NSW between 2002 and 2011.
To identify measles genotypes circulating in the region.
To inform strategies for maintaining measles control.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of measles notifications in NSW from 2002-2011.
Analysis of notification rates and hospitalisation data.
Genotyping of measles virus specimens to identify circulating strains.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Main Results:

281 measles cases were notified, with an average annual rate of 0.41 per 100,000 population.
139 hospitalisations were recorded (0.20 per 100,000 population).
Five genotypes (D9, D8, D4, D5, H1) were identified, with no single genotype linked to sustained local transmission.

Conclusions:

Continued vigilance is necessary to prevent measles resurgence.
Timely routine childhood immunisation and vaccination for international travellers are essential.
Clinician awareness is vital for early detection and control of outbreaks to prevent further transmission.