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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Published on: August 21, 2017

[Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes].

O Stich¹, S Rauer

¹Abteilung für Neurologie und Neurophysiologie, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106 Freiburg, Deutschland. oliver.stich@uniklinik-freiburg.de

|February 28, 2013

Summary

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are rare remote effects of cancer. This review covers their classification, causes, antibodies, and central nervous system impacts.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Oncology
Immunology

Context:

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are rare manifestations of cancer.
They involve remote effects on the nervous system.
Understanding PNS is crucial for early cancer detection and management.

Purpose:

To summarize current knowledge on PNS affecting the central nervous system.
To detail classification, pathophysiology, and associated tumors.
To review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including antineuronal autoantibodies.

Summary:

PNS are linked to specific tumors and characterized by autoantibodies against neuronal antigens.
This review consolidates information on PNS classification, pathophysiology, and tumor associations.

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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

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Published on: November 23, 2013

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Published on: November 23, 2013

Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CNS-affecting PNS are discussed.

Impact:

Improved understanding of PNS aids in early cancer diagnosis.
Enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can improve patient outcomes.
This review serves as a comprehensive resource for clinicians and researchers in neurology and oncology.