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Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

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Diagnostic laparoscopy findings in unexplained infertility cases.

A Göçmen¹, T Atak

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul (Turkey). gocmenahmet@yahoo.com

Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology

|March 1, 2013

Summary

Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed significant findings in unexplained infertility cases. Pelvic adhesions and endometriosis were common, highlighting laparoscopy

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Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity

Published on: December 21, 2012

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Surgical Gynecology
Infertility Diagnostics

Background:

Unexplained infertility affects a significant portion of couples seeking fertility treatment.
Diagnostic laparoscopy is a key procedure for evaluating the female reproductive organs.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the findings of diagnostic laparoscopy in a large cohort of patients with unexplained infertility.
To determine the prevalence of specific pathologies contributing to infertility.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 600 diagnostic laparoscopies performed between 1995 and 2008.
Procedures were conducted during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle under general anesthesia.

Main Results:

Normal pelvic findings were observed in 47.5% of primary and 47% of secondary infertility cases.
Pelvic adhesions were the most frequent abnormality (20% primary, 18% secondary infertility).
Endometriosis was diagnosed in 15% of primary and 11.5% of secondary infertility cases.

Conclusions:

Diagnostic laparoscopy plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment planning for infertility.
Identifying specific causes through laparoscopy can prevent unnecessary delays and costs in fertility management.