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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium01:24

Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
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HSD11B2 CA-repeat and sodium balance.

Tomoatsu Mune1, Hiroyuki Morita, Nobuki Takada

  • 1Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan. mune@med.kawasaki-m.ac.jp

Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|March 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The HSD11B2 gene

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
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Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Genetics
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B2) enzyme regulates cortisol activity.
  • Impaired HSD11B2 function is linked to mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension.
  • HSD11B2 is a candidate gene for salt-sensitive hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate HSD11B2 gene polymorphisms in Japanese subjects.
  • Analyze the association of HSD11B2 polymorphisms with hypertension and clinical parameters.
  • Determine the role of HSD11B2 in regulating sodium excretion.

Main Methods:

  • Screened for HSD11B2 polymorphisms in Japanese populations.
  • Genotyped a CA-repeat polymorphism in the first intron of HSD11B2.
  • Analyzed correlations between HSD11B2 genotype, blood pressure, and urinary sodium excretion.

Main Results:

  • No HSD11B2 polymorphisms were found in promoter or coding regions.
  • A CA-repeat polymorphism in intron 1 showed 12 alleles.
  • HSD11B2 genotype correlated with urinary sodium excretion and potassium clearance, not hypertension itself.

Conclusions:

  • HSD11B2 CA-repeat genotype is not directly associated with hypertension.
  • The HSD11B2 genotype influences renal sodium handling, potentially via salt appetite.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the HSD11B2 role in salt-sensitive hypertension.