Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A randomized clinical trial of basal insulin peglispro vs NPH in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: the IMAGINE 6 trial.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2016
Same author

Early fasting glucose measurements can predict later glycaemic response to once weekly dulaglutide.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2015
Same author

Monotherapy with the once-weekly GLP-1 analogue dulaglutide for 12 weeks in patients with Type 2 diabetes: dose-dependent effects on glycaemic control in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2012
Same author

Proinsulin C-peptide--a consensus statement.

International journal of experimental diabetes research·2002
Same author

--to: Charlton R, Smith G, Day A (2001) Munchausen's syndrome manifesting as factitious hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 44: 784-785.

Diabetologia·2002
Same author

Molecular basis for the insulinomimetic effects of C-peptide.

Diabetologia·2001
Same journal

Semaglutide Injection Once-Weekly for Weight Management in Adults: Results From A Randomized Phase III, Active-Controlled Study.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Relationship Between hsCRP, Glycaemic Control and Response to Sotagliflozin in Type 1 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the inTandem3 Trial.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Early Weight Regain After GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Discontinuation: Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment De-Escalation Strategies.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same journal

First-Line Dapagliflozin, Metformin, or Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Vascular and Molecular Outcomes of a Randomised Controlled Trial.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Trends in Prevalence of Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Control Among U.S. Adults, 2013-2023.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same journal

Metabolic Risk-Attributable Dementia Burden: A Life-Course and Cautious Attribution Perspective.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

The need for better insulin therapy.

G Grunberger1

  • 1Grunberger Diabetes Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302, USA. grunberger@gdi-pc.com

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|March 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin replacement therapy is crucial for diabetes management. Advances in insulin analogs have significantly reduced hypoglycemia risks, improving glycemic control and patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
16:26

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Published on: August 20, 2007

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
16:26

Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes

Published on: August 20, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Diabetes pathophysiology involves impaired insulin production or utilization.
  • Insulin replacement therapy has been a cornerstone of diabetes treatment for nearly a century.
  • Achieving glycemic goals is often limited by the risk of hypoglycemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of insulin replacement strategies.
  • To highlight challenges and achievements in insulin therapy development.
  • To identify areas for future improvement in insulin treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of insulin therapy development.
  • Analysis of pharmaceutical advancements in insulin formulations.
  • Examination of patient acceptance and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Insulin therapy has evolved significantly in purity and physiologic control.
  • Insulin analogs have markedly reduced hypoglycemia risks.
  • Despite progress, further improvements in insulin therapy are still needed.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin replacement remains central to diabetes care.
  • Insulin analogs represent a major advancement in mitigating hypoglycemia.
  • Continued innovation is necessary to optimize insulin therapy and patient outcomes.