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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: December 24, 2009

Decision making about frozen supernumerary human embryos.

Sheryl de Lacey¹

¹School of Nursing & Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia. Sheryl.delacey@flinders.edu.au

Human Fertility (Cambridge, England)

|March 2, 2013

Summary

Deciding the fate of unused in vitro fertilisation (IVF) embryos can be emotionally challenging for patients. Clinics should offer better information and decision support counselling for IVF treatment aftercare.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Clinical Psychology

Background:

Frozen storage of supernumerary embryos from in vitro fertilisation (IVF) offers benefits to patients undergoing fertility treatment.
The disposal of these embryos can present a significant emotional and decision-making challenge for individuals and couples.

Purpose of the Study:

To review existing studies on patient decision-making processes regarding supernumerary embryos.
To explore the implications for counselling services within fertility clinics.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies focusing on embryo disposal decisions.
Analysis of decision-making challenges and counselling needs.

Main Results:

Patients may experience difficulties and become "stuck" at various decision points regarding embryo disposal.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: December 24, 2009

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Published on: July 26, 2019

There is a clear need for enhanced information provision and decision support.

Conclusions:

Fertility clinics must address the emotional impact of embryo disposal decisions.
Improved counselling strategies are essential to support patients through this complex aspect of infertility treatment.