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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Shaping organisms with apoptosis.

M Suzanne1, H Steller

  • 1Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP; F-31062 Toulouse, France.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|March 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death, specifically apoptosis, is crucial for development, removing unnecessary cells during tissue remodeling. This review focuses on apoptosis

More Related Videos

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
12:44

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 11, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
12:44

Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: October 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for normal development, facilitating tissue remodeling by eliminating superfluous cells.
  • Distinct morphological and molecular features classify different cell death types, including apoptosis (Type I PCD), autophagy (Type II PCD), and necrosis.
  • Apoptosis is characterized by specific cellular events like DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, without inducing inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of developmental apoptosis in tissue remodeling processes.
  • To differentiate apoptosis from other cell death modalities like autophagy and necrosis.
  • To highlight the morphological and molecular hallmarks of apoptosis during development.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on developmental cell death.
  • Focus is placed on studies detailing apoptosis during various developmental stages and tissue remodeling events.
  • Comparative analysis of morphological and molecular features distinguishing apoptosis from autophagy and necrosis.

Main Results:

  • Developmental apoptosis is a highly regulated process vital for sculpting tissues and organs.
  • Key features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and phosphatidylserine externalization, are conserved across species.
  • Apoptosis contrasts with autophagy (vacuoles, potential recovery) and necrosis (swelling, inflammation).

Conclusions:

  • Developmental apoptosis is indispensable for tissue remodeling, ensuring proper formation of organs and body structures.
  • Understanding apoptosis mechanisms is key to comprehending normal development and identifying potential defects.
  • This review emphasizes apoptosis as the primary mode of programmed cell death involved in developmental tissue remodeling.