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The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Parathyroid incidentaloma.

Seema Khanna¹, Seema Singh, Ajay K Khanna

¹Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology

|March 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Parathyroid incidentalomas, rare asymptomatic enlarged glands, may indicate early disease. Early detection and removal can prevent future complications and repeat surgeries.

Keywords:

Incidentalomas Parathyroid Sestamibi Scan

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Pathology
Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

Incidentalomas are asymptomatic lesions found during imaging or surgery.
Parathyroid incidentalomas are rare and may represent early stages of parathyroid disease without hyperfunction.
Symptoms are often non-specific, relating to renal and skeletal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic modalities and management of parathyroid incidentalomas.
To highlight the importance of early detection and intervention for parathyroid incidentalomas.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on parathyroid incidentalomas.
Discussion of diagnostic tools including serum calcium, ultrasonography (USG), sestamibi scan, and Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) with parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement.
Analysis of surgical indications and outcomes.

Main Results:

Total serum calcium is a useful screening tool.
Sestamibi scan offers higher accuracy than USG for parathyroid imaging.
FNAB-PTH measurement is the most reliable minimally invasive test for parathyroid tissue verification.

Conclusions:

Parathyroid incidentalomas require careful evaluation.
Prompt surgical removal of incidentally discovered enlarged parathyroid glands can prevent the need for re-do surgery.
Early intervention is crucial for managing potential parathyroid disease progression.