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Updated: May 13, 2026
Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
Published on: September 14, 2016
Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness
Giancarlo Vanini1, Helen A Baghdoyan
1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5615, USA. gvanini@umich.edu
Study Objectives:
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) causes phasic inhibition via synaptic GABAA receptors and tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABA levels in the extracellular space regulate arousal state and cognition by volume transmission via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. GABAergic transmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. No previous studies have determined whether an agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors administered into the pontine reticular formation alters sleep and wakefulness. Therefore, this study used gaboxadol (THIP; agonist at extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit) to test the hypothesis that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors within the pontine reticular formation modulate sleep and wakefulness.
Design:
Within/between subjects.
Setting:
University of Michigan.
Patients Or Participants:
Adult male Crl:CD*(SD) (Sprague-Dawley) rats (n = 10).
Interventions:
Microinjection of gaboxadol, the nonsubtype selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (positive control), and saline (negative control) into the rostral pontine reticular formation.
Measurements And Results:
Gaboxadol significantly increased wakefulness and decreased both nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in a concentration-dependent manner. Relative to saline, gaboxadol did not alter electroencephalogram power. Microinjection of muscimol into the pontine reticular formation of the same rats that received gaboxadol increased wakefulness and decreased sleep.
Conclusion:
Tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that contain a δ subunit may be one mechanism by which the extracellular pool of endogenous GABA in the rostral pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness.
Citation:
Vanini G; Baghdoyan HA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in rat pontine reticular formation increase wakefulness. SLEEP 2013;36(3):337-343.
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