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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
Tonicity in Plants01:20

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Studying the Supramolecular Organization of Photosynthetic Membranes within Freeze-fractured Leaf Tissues by Cryo-scanning Electron Microscopy
13:52

Studying the Supramolecular Organization of Photosynthetic Membranes within Freeze-fractured Leaf Tissues by Cryo-scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on: June 23, 2016

Sudden collapse of vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp. palisade cells induced by a rapid temperature decrease.

Noriaki Kadohama1, Tatsuaki Goh, Miwa Ohnishi

  • 1Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.

Plos One
|March 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rapid temperature decrease damages Saintpaulia leaves by affecting palisade mesophyll cells. This leads to vacuolar membrane collapse and altered chloroplast function, causing visible leaf injury.

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Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Published on: October 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Plant physiology
  • Cell biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Saintpaulia leaves are susceptible to cold-induced damage from rapid temperature drops.
  • Understanding the cellular mechanisms behind this cold sensitivity is crucial for plant care and agriculture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of leaf damage in Saintpaulia and other Gesneriaceae plants due to rapid temperature decrease.
  • To identify the specific cellular components affected by rapid cold stress.

Main Methods:

  • Subjecting Saintpaulia leaves to rapid versus gradual temperature decreases.
  • Monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence using pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry.
  • Measuring intracellular pH with pH-dependent fluorescent dyes.
  • Examining isolated chloroplasts and palisade mesophyll cells.

Main Results:

  • Rapid temperature decrease, but not gradual, caused leaf damage and discoloration.
  • Injury was localized to palisade mesophyll cells, with chloroplast changes and diminished chlorophyll fluorescence.
  • Cytosolic pH decreased, and vacuolar membranes collapsed in damaged cells.
  • Isolated chloroplasts were not directly affected, but chlorophyll fluorescence decreased with lower pH.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid temperature decrease triggers vacuolar membrane collapse in palisade mesophyll cells.
  • This collapse leads to a cytosolic pH shift, impacting chloroplast function and causing leaf damage.
  • The findings were consistent across other Gesneriaceae species, indicating a conserved response.