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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Seed Plants03:40

Introduction to Seed Plants

Most plants are seed plants—characterized by seeds, pollen, and reduced gametophytes. Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
The Angiosperm Life Cycle02:39

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.
Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
Plant Breeding and Biotechnology01:59

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
10:08

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Seed-development programs: a systems biology-based comparison between dicots and monocots.

Nese Sreenivasulu1, Ulrich Wobus

  • 1Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. srinivas@ipk-gatersleben.de.

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|March 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Seed development in dicots and monocots differs, particularly in storage organs. Systems biology approaches reveal molecular networks and gene regulation, aiding molecular breeding for improved seed traits like size.

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Seed development exhibits distinct patterns in dicotyledonous (dicot) and monocotyledonous (monocot) plants, especially concerning major storage organs.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing seed development is crucial for agricultural applications and crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent systems biology-based insights into the molecular networks and pathway interactions during seed development.
  • To analyze comparative coexpression networks defining conserved and divergent regulatory elements in dicots and monocots.
  • To discuss the genetic and epigenetic factors influencing seed size determination, a key yield-related trait.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution transcriptome data analysis.
  • Systems biology approaches for constructing and modeling metabolic networks and fluxes.
  • Comparative coexpression network analyses.
  • Mutant analyses to identify genes involved in seed development and size determination.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key limiting steps in seed development through metabolic network modeling.
  • Definition of evolutionarily conserved (FUS3/ABI3/LEC1) and divergent (LEC2) coexpression networks in dicots and monocots.
  • Elucidation of processes (maternal/epigenetic factors, cell death regulation, endosperm growth) and genes controlling seed size.

Conclusions:

  • Systems biology approaches provide a holistic understanding of seed biology.
  • Comparative network analyses reveal conserved and divergent regulatory strategies in seed development.
  • Knowledge gained supports strategies for knowledge-based molecular breeding to enhance seed traits and crop yields.