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Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

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Dentin decalcification during lithium treatment: case report.

Carlos de P Eduardo¹, Alyne Simões, Patricia M de Freitas

¹Special Laboratory of Lasers in Dentistry (LELO), Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Special Care in Dentistry : Official Publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry

|March 5, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium treatment may cause severe dental decay by altering tooth inorganic composition. This study found mineral loss in dentin, differing from typical caries lesions, in a patient using lithium carbonate.

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Area of Science:

Dental Medicine
Pharmacology
Biomineralization

Background:

Lithium carbonate is a common psychiatric medication for bipolar disorder.
Previous reports link lithium use to dental issues, but its effect on tooth inorganic composition is unclear.

Observation:

A patient with bipolar disorder on lithium carbonate presented with severe dental decay.
Dentin samples were analyzed from the patient and healthy controls.

Findings:

Lithium-associated dentin showed irregular peritubular walls and disorganized mineral crystals.
Ionic analysis revealed decreased magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium, with increased zinc concentrations in dentin.

Implications:

Lithium use may lead to significant dentin mineral loss, causing severe dental decay.
The observed pathological changes in tooth structure differ from conventional caries.
Further research is needed to understand lithium's specific mechanisms on tooth biomineralization.