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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Interstitial lung disease.

Vincent Cottin1

  • 1Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service de pneumologie-Centre de référence national des maladies pulmonaires rares, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. vincent.cottin@chu-lyon.fr

European Respiratory Review : an Official Journal of the European Respiratory Society
|March 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New evidence guides idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment, with pirfenidone approved and nintedanib under study. Triple therapy and anticoagulation are not recommended for IPF management.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Rheumatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Recent international guidelines for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been published.
  • New evidence has emerged regarding IPF management and treatment options.
  • Advances in understanding interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with connective tissue disease (CTD) are notable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key advancements in interstitial lung disease (ILD) research presented at the 2012 European Respiratory Society Congress.
  • To summarize new evidence on the management and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  • To discuss prognostic tools and outcomes for IPF and related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of important articles presented at the 2012 European Respiratory Society Congress.
  • Synthesis of recent clinical trial data and guideline updates for IPF.
  • Analysis of studies on pharmacological agents and treatment strategies for ILD.

Main Results:

  • Pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic drug, is approved in Europe; nintedanib is under investigation.
  • Triple combination therapy, anticoagulation, and ambrisentan are not recommended for IPF due to harm or ineffectiveness.
  • Novel prognostic tools for IPF are available; acute exacerbations increase mortality, especially with pulmonary hypertension.
  • Interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease shows better survival than IPF.
  • A subset of patients with autoimmune features but not meeting diagnostic criteria for autoimmune disease have a higher prevalence of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence supports pirfenidone and ongoing research into nintedanib for IPF, while discouraging other therapies.
  • Prognostic tools and understanding of acute exacerbations are improving IPF patient management.
  • Interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease has a better prognosis than IPF; further research is needed for patients with undifferentiated autoimmune features.