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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing over

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Traversing the translational trail for trials.

John D Steeves¹, John L K Kramer, Jose Zariffa

¹ICORD (International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries), University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, Vancouver General Hospital , Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

|March 6, 2013

Summary

Designing clinical trials for neurological therapies, like spinal cord injury treatments, faces challenges. Key issues include trial protocols, patient selection, outcome measures, and statistical analysis to ensure effective rehabilitation strategies.

Keywords:

clinical trials confounding variables human study protocols responder analysis spinal cord injury

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Clinical Trials
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Human studies of neurologically directed therapeutic interventions present significant challenges.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) clinical trial programs exemplify these difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the principles and challenges in designing clinical trial programs for neurologically directed therapeutic interventions.
To identify key considerations for effective SCI clinical trials.

Main Methods:

Review of different clinical trial protocols.
Analysis of inclusion/exclusion criteria for study subjects.
Evaluation of clinical endpoint selection and statistical approaches.

Main Results:

Identified numerous unresolved issues in SCI clinical trial design.
Highlighted potential confounding factors in data interpretation.
Emphasized the complexity of developing effective therapeutic prescriptions.

Conclusions:

Effective SCI treatments and rehabilitation strategies require addressing fundamental challenges in clinical trial design.
Further research is needed to refine methodologies for accurate data interpretation and reliable prescription of interventions.