Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Extracting added value from existing tests - use of quantitative results from tuberculosis infection tests to improve the ability to predict progression to TB disease.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

TTV Viremia and Immune Responses Following Vaccination Against Mpox and Dengue Viruses.

Vaccines·2026

Same author

The Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: Burden, Trends, and Determinants.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine·2026

Same author

Mycobacterial growth control is heterogeneous but maintained during treatment in patients with tuberculosis disease.

Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)·2026

Same author

World TB Day 2026: Scientific innovation across the tuberculosis continuum must now translate into global impact.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

IFNγ/TNFα specific-cells and effector memory phenotype associate with active tuberculosis.

Elisa Petruccioli¹, Linda Petrone, Valentina Vanini

¹Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Infection

|March 7, 2013

Summary

Polyfunctional T-cells, specifically bifunctional IFNγ(+) TNFα(+) CD4(+) T-cells with effector memory phenotype, are linked to active tuberculosis (TB). Central memory phenotype T-cells are associated with latent TB infection (LTBI) and cured TB.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Tuberculosis Research

Background:

The role of polyfunctional T-cells in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis remains controversial.
Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific immune responses is crucial for TB diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize Mtb-specific T-cell responses, including cytokine production and memory phenotype, in patients at different TB stages.
To assess the specificity of these responses using cytomegalovirus (CMV) as an unrelated antigen.

Main Methods:

Enrolled subjects with active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), and cured TB.
Stimulated whole blood with Mtb "RD1" proteins (ESAT-6, CFP-10) and CMV antigen.
Characterized T-cell cytokine and phenotype profiles using multi-parametric flow cytometry.

Main Results:

Bifunctional IFNγ(+) TNFα(+) CD4(+) T-cells and effector memory phenotype significantly associated with active TB compared to LTBI.
Central memory phenotype T-cells characterized "RD1"-T-cell response in cured TB and LTBI.
CMV antigen response showed no association with TB-specific status, confirming specificity.

Conclusions:

Qualitative associations identified between Mtb-specific T-cell functional capacity, memory status, and TB status.
These immune correlates may aid in tracing the natural history of TB.