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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Meningioma.

Ali-Reza Fathi1, Ulrich Roelcke

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland. Ali-Reza.Fathi@ksa.ch

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|March 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Meningiomas are common brain tumors, often WHO grade I. Current systemic treatments are not well-established, necessitating further research into molecular factors for better treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors, with WHO grade I accounting for 90%.
  • Complete surgical resection is often challenging, achieved in less than 50% of patients.
  • Systemic treatments like chemotherapy and targeted therapies lack robust evidence, especially for recurrent or advanced disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the current challenges in meningioma management.
  • To emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of meningioma molecular genetics and signaling pathways.
  • To advocate for well-designed clinical trials in specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment modalities and existing data on systemic therapies.

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  • Discussion of the limitations of current research, including small uncontrolled series.
  • Identification of key areas for future research, focusing on molecular and prognostic factors.

    • Main Results:

    • Surgery is crucial for diagnosis and tumor removal, but complete resection rates are low.
    • Radiation therapy is used based on resection extent, location, and WHO grade.
    • Existing data on systemic treatments are insufficient, particularly for long-standing or pretreated cases.

    Conclusions:

    • Further understanding of meningioma molecular genetics and prognostic factors is essential.
    • Future studies should stratify patients based on these factors.
    • Clinical trials are needed for newly diagnosed patients with incomplete resection and for higher-grade meningiomas (WHO grade II and III).