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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetic programming and reprogramming during development.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic remodeling, including DNA methylation and histone modification, is key to cell identity. This review covers how epigenetic erasure and remodeling drive cell fate conversion in vivo and in vitro.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Cell identity relies on gene expression, regulated by transcription factors and chromatin interactions.
  • Epigenetic modifiers stabilize gene expression patterns during cell division through DNA methylation and histone modification.
  • Global epigenetic mark erasure occurs naturally during mammalian development and can be induced via reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding epigenetic remodeling's role in cell fate conversion.
  • To summarize models of epigenetic erasure.
  • To discuss enzymes and mechanisms involved in cellular reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on epigenetic remodeling and cell fate conversion.
  • Analysis of current models for epigenetic erasure.
  • Discussion of enzymes and mechanisms in cellular reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic remodeling significantly contributes to cell fate conversion both in vivo and in vitro.
  • Various reprogramming strategies can artificially induce epigenetic erasure.
  • Understanding epigenetic erasure mechanisms is crucial for controlling cell fate.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic remodeling is a fundamental process in cell fate determination and conversion.
  • Further research into epigenetic erasure mechanisms can advance reprogramming technologies.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on epigenetic remodeling in cell reprogramming.