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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
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Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
Production of Antibiotics01:27

Production of Antibiotics

Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...
Antibiotic Selection00:57

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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...

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Assay Development for High-Throughput Drug Screening Against Mycobacteria
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Published on: October 25, 2024

Cethromycin: a new ketolide antibiotic.

Hanine Mansour1, Elias B Chahine, Lamis R Karaoui

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, USA. Hanine.mansour@lau.edu.lb

The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
|March 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cethromycin, a novel ketolide antibiotic, shows promise for treating community-acquired pneumonia with efficacy comparable to clarithromycin. While initially denied FDA approval, recent studies indicate a favorable safety profile and noninferiority for this indication.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Microbiology
  • Clinical Efficacy and Safety

Background:

  • Cethromycin is a novel ketolide antibiotic.
  • It exhibits activity against various Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria.
  • Its mechanism of action is similar to telithromycin, with a potentially improved safety profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the pharmacology, chemistry, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety of cethromycin.
  • To evaluate cethromycin's potential role in treating respiratory tract infections, particularly community-acquired pneumonia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1950-2012).
  • Inclusion of in vitro, preclinical, and Phase 1-3 clinical studies published in English.
  • Evaluation focused on pharmacology, microbiology, efficacy, and safety data.

Main Results:

  • Cethromycin demonstrates in vitro activity against key respiratory pathogens.
  • Clinical studies suggest comparable efficacy to clarithromycin for mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia.
  • Preliminary safety data indicate a favorable profile, with dose-related gastrointestinal adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • Cethromycin is a promising ketolide antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia.
  • Despite initial FDA non-approval in 2009, recent evidence supports its noninferiority to existing treatments.
  • Further evidence may support its approval for treating mild to moderate community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.