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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Vector Potential01:15

Magnetic Vector Potential

In electrostatics, the electric field can be written as the negative gradient of the potential. In magnetostatics, the zero divergence of the magnetic field ensures that the magnetic field can be expressed as the curl of a vector potential. This potential is known as the magnetic vector potential.
Consider an ideal solenoid with n turns per unit length and radius R. If I is the current through the solenoid, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is expressed as the product of vacuum...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Magnetic Field Lines01:19

Magnetic Field Lines

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples
07:01

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Published on: June 9, 2016

Tracking geomagnetic fluctuations to picotesla accuracy using two superconducting quantum interference device vector

S Henry1, E Pozzo di Borgo, A Cavaillou

  • 1University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) can now accurately monitor geomagnetic fields long-term. Simultaneous measurements using two 3-axis SQUID magnetometers achieved sub-nanotesla precision over 72 hours.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement
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Scanning SQUID Study of Vortex Manipulation by Local Contact
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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Instrumentation
  • Low-frequency measurements

Background:

  • Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) offer high-precision measurement of geomagnetic field vector components.
  • Susceptibility to interference has previously limited understanding of SQUID accuracy for long-term DC field monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the long-term accuracy of 3-axis SQUID magnetometers for geomagnetic field monitoring.
  • To demonstrate a technique for improving SQUID magnetometer precision by accounting for alignment and calibration differences.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous measurements using two independent 3-axis SQUID magnetometers at the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB).
  • A novel technique involving the difference between a linear transform of one magnetometer's signals and a reference signal from the other.

Main Results:

  • The developed technique successfully tracked local geomagnetic signals at a sub-nanotesla (sub-nT) level.
  • Both SQUID systems demonstrated highly correlated measurements with a root-mean-square (RMS) difference as low as 56 picotesla (pT) over 72 hours.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first demonstration of the long-term accuracy of SQUID magnetometers for precise geomagnetic field monitoring.
  • The technique effectively compensates for inter-magnetometer differences, enabling reliable, high-precision geophysical measurements.