Modular instrument mounting system for variable environment in operando X-ray experiments

In the growing field of in operando and in situ X-ray experiments, there exists a large disparity in the types of environments and equipment to control them. This situation makes it challenging to conduct multiple experiments with a single mechanical interface to the diffractometer. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a modular instrument mounting system that can be installed on a standard six-circle diffractometer (e.g., 5021 Huber GmbH). This new system allows for the rapid changeover of different chambers and sample heaters and permits accurate sample positioning (x, y, z, and azimuthal rotation) without rigid coupling to the chamber body. Isolation of the sample motion from the chamber enclosure is accomplished through a combination of custom rotary seals and bellows. Control of the pressure and temperature has been demonstrated in the ranges of 10(-6)-10(3) Torr and 25°C-900°C, respectively. We have utilized the system with several different modular instruments. As an example, we provide in situ sputtering results, where the growth dynamics of epitaxial LaGaO3 thin films on (001) SrTiO3 substrates were investigated.