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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Epilepsy ll: Types

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Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

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Assessing Mitochondrial Function in Sciatic Nerve by High-Resolution Respirometry

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Autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases.

Sumit Parikh¹, Ajay Gupta

¹Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

|March 8, 2013

Summary

Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common in children with epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases but often overlooked. Recognizing these autonomic issues can improve diagnosis, management, and patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Autonomic Neuroscience
Pediatrics

Background:

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a complex role in epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases.
Autonomic dysfunction is frequently underdiagnosed in these conditions due to overshadowing symptoms.
Early recognition of autonomic issues is crucial for patient well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

To review autonomic nervous system dysfunction in pediatric epilepsy.
To review autonomic nervous system dysfunction in pediatric mitochondrial diseases.
To highlight the importance of recognizing autonomic manifestations for improved patient care.

Main Methods:

This chapter synthesizes current knowledge on autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases.
It reviews clinical presentations and underlying mechanisms.
Focus is placed on pediatric populations.

Main Results:

Autonomic nervous system involvement is a significant, often unrecognized, feature in children with epilepsy.
Children with mitochondrial diseases frequently exhibit diverse autonomic dysfunctions.
These dysfunctions contribute to morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

Increased awareness and recognition of autonomic nervous system dysfunction are vital for timely diagnosis and management.
Addressing autonomic issues can enhance the quality of life for patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial diseases.
Further research into ANS involvement can lead to better therapeutic strategies.