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Updated: May 13, 2026

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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Umbilical cord prolapse.

Bradley D Holbrook1, Sharon T Phelan

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA. bholbrook@salud.unm.edu

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
|March 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Umbilical cord prolapse is a serious obstetric emergency. Prompt management, including immediate delivery and fetal head elevation, significantly improves fetal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Umbilical cord prolapse is a critical obstetric emergency.
  • It poses significant risks to fetal well-being, potentially leading to severe morbidity and mortality.
  • Diagnosis is typically confirmed by palpation or visualization of the umbilical cord.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria for umbilical cord prolapse.
  • To describe immediate management strategies for umbilical cord prolapse.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely intervention for optimizing fetal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical diagnosis based on physical examination.
  • Urgent delivery, commonly via cesarean section.
  • Interventions to relieve cord compression, such as manual elevation of the presenting part or bladder filling.

Main Results:

  • Severe, rapid fetal heart rate decelerations are a common accompanying sign.
  • Prompt delivery and cord decompression are associated with improved fetal outcomes.
  • Untreated cases carry a high risk of fetal compromise.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of umbilical cord prolapse hinges on rapid diagnosis and intervention.
  • Cesarean section is the primary mode of delivery.
  • Maternal bladder filling and manual cord elevation are crucial temporizing measures.