Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
Multiple Comparison Tests01:13

Multiple Comparison Tests

Multiple comparison test, abbreviated as MCT, is a post hoc analysis generally performed after comparing multiple samples with one or more tests. An MCT will help identify a significantly different sample among multiple samples or a factor among multiple factors.
It would be easy to compare two samples using a significance alpha level of 0.05. In other words, there is only one sample pair to be compared. However, it would be difficult to identify a significantly different sample if the number...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Beyond Diffusion: Clinical Perspectives on Online Hemodiafiltration and Medium Cut-Off Dialyzers.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation·2026
Same author

Looking into the Future-Preserving Cognitive Function as a Priority in KRT.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2026
Same author

High-volume online hemodiafiltration versus high-flux hemodialysis: a short review of recent evidence and a discussion on clinical implementation.

Kidney research and clinical practice·2025
Same author

Correction: Frequent hemodialysis versus standard hemodialysis for people with kidney failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Haemodiafiltration versus haemodialysis for kidney failure - Authors' reply.

Lancet (London, England)·2025
Same author

Characteristics of Populations Included in Randomized Controlled Trials of Hemodiafiltration and Registry Real-Life Populations: A Systematic Review.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2025
Same journal

Peritoneal Glucose Uptake Reduction by Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Clinical Peritoneal Dialysis.

Blood purification·2026
Same journal

With the Generalization of AI and Algorithms, Will We Still Need a Nephrologist in the Dialysis Room?

Blood purification·2026
Same journal

Could serum CA125 aid the clinical assessment of volume status of end-stage kidney disease patients treated by peritoneal dialysis patients?

Blood purification·2026
Same journal

From Bench to Bedside: Implications and Interventions for Endotoxin Exposure in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis and Eryptosis.

Blood purification·2026
Same journal

Feasibility Study of a Smartphone App and Web Portal for Remote Monitoring of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peritoneal Dialysis populations: A mixed-method study.

Blood purification·2026
Same journal

Treatment of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Emerging Extracorporeal Therapies.

Blood purification·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

What have we learned from CONTRAST?

Ira M Mostovaya1, Peter J Blankestijn,

  • 1Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. I.M.Mostovaya@umcutrecht.nl

Blood Purification
|March 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) found that on-line postdilution hemodiafiltration did not reduce mortality or cardiovascular events compared to low-flux hemodialysis. This review covers CONTRAST

More Related Videos

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients require renal replacement therapy.
  • Hemodialysis is a common treatment, but cardiovascular complications remain high.
  • Hemodiafiltration is an alternative treatment modality with theoretical benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss knowledge from the CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) trial.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of on-line postdilution hemodiafiltration versus low-flux hemodialysis.
  • To analyze mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in ESRD patients.

Main Methods:

  • The CONvective TRAnsport STudy (CONTRAST) was a large randomized controlled trial.
  • It compared on-line postdilution hemodiafiltration with low-flux hemodialysis.
  • The review synthesizes data on mortality, cardiovascular events, and subgroup analyses.

Main Results:

  • CONTRAST did not demonstrate a significant reduction in mortality with hemodiafiltration.
  • Cardiovascular events were not significantly different between the two treatment groups.
  • Subgroup analyses provided further insights into treatment effects.

Conclusions:

  • On-line postdilution hemodiafiltration did not show superiority over low-flux hemodialysis for major adverse outcomes in the CONTRAST trial.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the role of hemodiafiltration in ESRD management.
  • Further research may explore specific patient populations or alternative hemodiafiltration techniques.