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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

Published on: August 25, 2019

High-magnification sperm selection does not decrease the aneuploidy rate in patients who are heterozygous for

Mohamed Hassen Chelli¹, Fatma Ferfouri, Florence Boitrelle

¹Department of Reproductive Biology, Cytogenetics, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, CHIPS, Centre Hospitalier Poissy Saint-Germain, 10 rue Champ-Gaillard, 78303, Poissy, France.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics

|March 8, 2013

Summary

Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) did not improve the selection of euploid sperm in patients with reciprocal translocations. Sperm aneuploidy rates remained similar across different selection methods, including MSOME.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Human Genetics
Sperm Biology

Background:

Reciprocal translocations in carriers can lead to aneuploid gametes.
Sperm selection techniques aim to identify euploid spermatozoa for assisted reproduction.
Motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) is a technique that assesses sperm nuclear morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of MSOME in selecting euploid spermatozoa among patients heterozygous for reciprocal translocations.
To compare aneuploidy rates in sperm selected by MSOME versus other methods.

Main Methods:

Sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect aneuploidy for chromosomes involved in translocations and for chromosomes 18, X, and Y (putative interchromosomal effect).
FISH analysis was performed on unselected sperm, sperm selected using an ICSI-like magnification, and sperm selected using MSOME.
Six patients heterozygous for reciprocal translocations were included.

Main Results:

No significant difference in balanced translocation rates was observed between unselected sperm (57.2%), ICSI-like selected sperm (56.3%), and MSOME-selected sperm (53.7%).
Aneuploidy rates for interchromosomal effects did not differ significantly among the groups: unselected sperm (1.9%), ICSI-selected sperm (3.4%), and MSOME-selected sperm (1.0%).

Conclusions:

MSOME does not enhance the selection of euploid spermatozoa in individuals with reciprocal translocations.
Current sperm selection methods, including MSOME, do not significantly improve the identification of chromosomally normal sperm in this patient population.