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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications01:18

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications

Cardiovascular diseases, encompassing a range of conditions, can significantly affect the heart's operations and the overall circulatory system. These conditions impair the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to a deficit in oxygen supply to crucial organs. Anomalies in the heart's electrical system, known as arrhythmias, can cause heartbeats to accelerate or slow down. Usually, heart rates increase during physical activity and decrease while resting or sleeping. However, frequent irregular...
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Vasodilators

Vasodilators, primarily affecting the smooth muscles within arterial and venous walls, are commonly used for hypertension treatment. Medications such as minoxidil and hydralazine primarily target arteries and arterioles, while sodium nitroprusside acts on arterioles and venules. Minoxidil, functioning as a prodrug, is metabolized by hepatic sulfotransferase into its active form, minoxidil sulfate, after oral administration. This metabolite binds to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) component of...
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
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HDL-C: clinical equipoise and vascular endothelial function.

Steven Campbell1, Jacques Genest

  • 1McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
|March 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are a key cardiovascular risk marker. HDL particles protect against heart disease by removing cholesterol from arteries and offering anti-inflammatory benefits.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
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Published on: October 15, 2010

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
08:42

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Published on: October 22, 2014

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a recognized marker for cardiovascular risk.
  • Higher HDL cholesterol levels correlate with reduced coronary artery disease incidence.
  • HDL's protective effects stem from promoting cellular cholesterol efflux and exhibiting pleiotropic vascular benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review controversies surrounding HDL.
  • To discuss clinical treatments related to HDL.
  • To explore the vascular endothelial functions of HDL.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HDL function.
  • Analysis of HDL's role in cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
  • Examination of HDL's in vitro effects on vascular endothelium.

Main Results:

  • HDL promotes cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques.
  • HDL exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, modulating vascular endothelial function.
  • HDL's endothelial mechanisms involve particle size, proteome, and lipidome, impacting nitric oxide synthase and NF-κB signaling.

Conclusions:

  • HDL's protective cardiovascular effects are multifaceted, involving cholesterol transport and direct vascular wall protection.
  • HDL's interaction with endothelial receptors (SR-BI, S1PR1-5) influences nitric oxide production and endothelial function.
  • Understanding HDL's complex roles is crucial for addressing cardiovascular disease and developing effective treatments.