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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...

Portal Hypertension

Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

Published on: August 1, 2018

Posttransplant hypertension: multipathogenic disease process.

Antoine Barbari¹

¹Renal Transplantation Unit, Rafik Hariri University Hospital, Bir Hassan, Beirut-Lebanon. barbariantoine@gmail.com

Experimental and Clinical Transplantation : Official Journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation

|March 12, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypertension is common in kidney transplant patients, impacting graft and patient survival. Optimizing blood pressure control is crucial, with targets recommended below 130/80 mm Hg, or 125/75 mm Hg if proteinuria is present.

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Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats

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A Model of Reverse Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease by Aortic Debanding in Rats

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Cardiology
Immunology

Background:

Arterial hypertension is highly prevalent in kidney transplant recipients.
Its development is multifactorial, influenced by donor/recipient genetics and pre/post-transplant factors.
Posttransplant hypertension exacerbates the chronic kidney disease-cardiovascular disease continuum.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the pathogenesis and management of arterial hypertension in kidney transplant recipients.
To highlight the impact of hypertension on graft and patient survival.
To discuss current recommendations for blood pressure control in this population.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on posttransplant hypertension.
Analysis of factors contributing to hypertension development and persistence.
Evaluation of the cardiovascular profile of different immunosuppressive agents.

Main Results:

Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, may offer a better cardiovascular profile compared to other agents.
Steroid-free and calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive protocols appear associated with improved blood pressure control.
Despite its adverse effects, blood pressure control remains challenging due to high cardiovascular risk.

Conclusions:

Posttransplant hypertension significantly impacts long-term outcomes.
Individualized blood pressure management is essential, considering patient-specific risk factors.
Recommended blood pressure targets are < 130/80 mm Hg, and < 125/75 mm Hg in the presence of proteinuria.