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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery in Diet-Induced Obese Diabetic Mice
08:50

Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery in Diet-Induced Obese Diabetic Mice

Published on: October 18, 2024

Treating the obese diabetic.

Julia Kenkre1, Tricia Tan, Stephen Bloom

  • 1Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, Sixth Floor, Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0HS, UK.

Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes management face challenges with current treatments. Future gut hormone analogues show promise for effective weight reduction and improved glucose metabolism.

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic disorders
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely linked, with weight reduction improving glycemic control.
  • Current diabetes treatments can exacerbate obesity, complicating management.
  • Bariatric surgery offers effective obesity treatment and diabetes remission but has limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current therapeutic options for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • To discuss the limitations and safety concerns of existing treatments.
  • To explore emerging pharmacological and future therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pharmacological agents for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • Analysis of bariatric surgery outcomes and limitations.
  • Examination of novel drug classes and future therapeutic developments.

Main Results:

  • Bariatric surgery is highly effective but costly and carries risks.
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists offer modest weight loss and glycemic improvement but have safety concerns.
  • New obesity drugs show modest effects on glycemia, with unclear long-term safety.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacological treatment options for combined obesity and type 2 diabetes are limited.
  • Emerging gut hormone analogues present a promising future avenue for managing both conditions.
  • Further research into long-term safety and efficacy of new agents is crucial.