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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition
07:32

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Vertical changes in Class I malocclusion between 2 different extraction patterns.

Yating Wang1, Haixia Yu, Chunmiao Jiang

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Saudi Medical Journal
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orthodontic treatment with different tooth extraction patterns did not significantly alter vertical changes in Class I patients. Both maxillary first premolar and mandibular second premolar extraction groups showed similar outcomes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition
07:32

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Dental Cephalometrics

Background:

  • Class I malocclusions require orthodontic treatment to correct dental and skeletal relationships.
  • Different tooth extraction patterns are employed to achieve optimal treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare vertical skeletal and dental changes in Class I patients following orthodontic treatment.
  • To evaluate the effects of two distinct extraction patterns: maxillary first premolar and mandibular second premolar (4/5) versus four first premolars (4/4).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study analyzing cephalograms of 93 Class I patients (47 in Group A, 46 in Group B).
  • Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric measurements (8 skeletal, 10 dental) were used to assess vertical changes.
  • Paired t-tests and Independent t-tests were employed for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • Pre-treatment, Group A exhibited larger NA-NB angle, overjet, and overbite compared to Group B.
  • Post-treatment, both extraction groups demonstrated significant vertical changes.
  • No statistically significant differences in vertical changes were observed between the two extraction groups.

Conclusions:

  • The choice between extracting maxillary first premolars/mandibular second premolars versus four first premolars does not influence vertical changes in Class I orthodontic patients.
  • Observed vertical changes may result from a balance between hypothesized wedge effects and posterior tooth extrusion or residual growth.