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Related Concept Videos

Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain
08:23

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[The AMNOG and its consequences].

T Dingermann1

  • 1Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologe, Biozentrum, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland. dingermann@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Der Internist
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Germany's 2011 Pharmaceutical Market Reorganization Act (AMNOG) aims to control rising drug costs by balancing innovation and affordability. The law seeks fair price negotiations based on clinical benefits, but faces criticism regarding potential impacts on innovation and patient access.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Pharmaceutical Policy
  • Drug Pricing Regulation

Context:

  • The German government enacted the Act on the Reorganization of the Pharmaceutical Market (AMNOG) in 2011.
  • This legislation aimed to curb escalating pharmaceutical expenditures within public health insurance systems.
  • AMNOG sought to establish fair competition and prioritize patient well-being by balancing drug innovation with affordability.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the objectives and implications of Germany's AMNOG legislation.
  • To present arguments from both proponents and opponents of the new pharmaceutical market regulations.
  • To explore the law's intended effects on drug pricing, innovation, and the pharmaceutical industry.

Summary:

  • Proponents argue AMNOG ensures fair price negotiations based on incremental clinical benefits, reflecting true innovation value and relieving financial burdens.
  • Opponents express concerns about potential delays in new medicine launches, diminished pharmaceutical innovation in Germany, and job losses in R&D.

Impact:

  • The law introduces a new framework for drug price negotiations in Germany.
  • AMNOG's long-term effects on pharmaceutical innovation, market access, and healthcare costs require ongoing evaluation.
  • The legislation highlights the complex interplay between economic controls and the advancement of medical treatments.