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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Central nervous system vasculitis.

Marc Gotkine1, Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky

  • 1Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel, marc@gotkine.com.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Managing primary central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is challenging due to diagnostic delays and lack of high-level evidence. Current treatments like cyclophosphamide and steroids are standard, with rituximab as a potential alternative.

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Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups
10:35

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Published on: January 12, 2020

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis presents diagnostic and management challenges.
  • Delayed diagnosis can lead to severe neurological dysfunction.
  • Lack of high-level evidence complicates treatment decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexities in diagnosing and managing primary CNS vasculitis.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies and emerging alternatives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and expert opinion on CNS vasculitis management.
  • Analysis of treatment protocols for active disease and potential alternatives.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is often delayed, requiring specialized and sometimes inconclusive tests.
  • High-dose steroids and cyclophosphamide remain the cornerstone of treatment for active disease.
  • Rituximab shows promise as an effective and less toxic alternative, though cost is a limitation.

Conclusions:

  • Timely and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective management of CNS vasculitis.
  • Treatment decisions involve balancing the need for prompt intervention against the risks of potent immunosuppression.
  • Further research is needed to establish definitive treatment guidelines and evaluate newer therapies like rituximab.