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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...

Extraction: Effects of pH

Extraction: Effects of pH

Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...

Weak Base Solutions

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

β-K(VO2)2(PO4).

Safa Ezzine Yahmed¹, Meriem Ayed, Mohamed Faouzi Zid

¹Laboratoire de Matériaux et Cristallochimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis ElManar, 2092 Manar II Tunis, Tunisia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|March 12, 2013

Summary

A novel potassium vanadium phosphate, β-K(VO2)2(PO4), was synthesized. Its 3D framework features intersecting tunnels housing potassium ions, offering insights into inorganic material structures.

Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Solid-State Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Vanadium oxides and phosphates are crucial in catalysis and energy storage.
Understanding novel framework structures is key to developing new materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a new vanadium oxide phosphate compound.
To elucidate the structural properties of the synthesized material, β-K(VO2)2(PO4).

Main Methods:

Solid-state reaction synthesis.
X-ray diffraction analysis for structural determination.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of a new compound: potassium bis-(dioxovanad-yl) phosphate, β-K(VO2)2(PO4).
The crystal structure features a 3D [V2PO8] framework composed of linked pyramidal [V2O8]∞ and [VPO7]∞ chains.

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The framework contains two types of intersecting tunnels along [100] and [010] directions.

Four unique K(+) ions are located within these tunnels, exhibiting coordination numbers of nine and ten.

Conclusions:

The study reports a novel inorganic compound with a complex 3D framework structure.
The arrangement of vanadium, oxygen, and phosphorus atoms creates unique channels for potassium ion incorporation.
This discovery contributes to the understanding of structure-property relationships in vanadium-based phosphates.