Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

Analgesia and Pain Management

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

BEST-CSP Benchmark Study of Polymorphs I and II of Sulfamerazine and the Perils of Polytype Polymorphs.

Crystal growth & design·2026

Same author

The disordered structure of sparsentan: energy calculations for competing chain conformations.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2025

Same author

Semisynthetic Derivatives of Perovskone: Development of a Promising Class of Antiprotozoal Lead Compounds.

Journal of natural products·2025

Same author

Mechanochemical synthesis and transformation of the polymorphic double carbonates fairchildite and buetschliite, (K<sub>2</sub>Ca(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>): an <i>in situ</i> X-ray powder diffraction study.

RSC mechanochemistry·2024

Same author

The seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction: structure ranking methods.

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2024

Same author

The seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction: structure generation methods.

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

Stable polymorph of morphine.

Thomas Gelbrich¹, Doris E Braun, Ulrich J Griesser

¹Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|March 12, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a morphine derivative, C17H19NO3. The molecule exhibits a T-shape conformation and forms helical chains via hydrogen bonds, consistent with known morphine structures.

More Related Videos

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Published on: November 8, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Fentanyl Analog Screening using LC-TIMS-TOF MS/MS

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Medicinal Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Morphine and its derivatives are crucial analgesics with complex molecular structures.
Understanding the solid-state conformation of these compounds is vital for drug design and development.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure and molecular conformation of a specific morphine derivative, C17H19NO3.
To analyze the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding patterns and molecular geometry was performed.

Main Results:

The stable polymorph of C17H19NO3 was characterized, revealing a typical T-shape molecular conformation.
The piperidine ring adopted a slightly distorted chair conformation.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed helical chains along the b axis, while intramolecular hydrogen bonds were also present.

Conclusions:

The observed molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding patterns are consistent with previously reported morphine forms.
The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in morphine derivatives.