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Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
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Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
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Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Diphenyl-methyl benzoate.

Manpreet Kaur1, Jerry P Jasinski, Amanda C Keeley

  • 1Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the molecular structure of C20H16O2, revealing specific dihedral angles and phenyl ring twists. Crystal analysis identified weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds influencing molecular arrangement.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure Analysis

Background:

  • Understanding molecular geometry is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactivity.
  • C20H16O2 is a molecule with potential applications in materials science and organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise three-dimensional structure of the C20H16O2 molecule.
  • To investigate the conformational preferences of the diphenyl-methyl and benzoate groups.
  • To identify intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided detailed geometric information.
  • Crystal packing was examined to identify hydrogen bonding networks.

Main Results:

  • The dihedral angle between the phenyl rings of the diphenyl-methyl group was determined to be 68.3(2)°.
  • The benzoate group exhibited near-planarity, with phenyl rings twisted by 27.5(4)° and 85.6(9)° relative to it.
  • Weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, linking molecules along the [100] direction.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive structural characterization of C20H16O2.
  • The observed conformation and intermolecular interactions offer insights into the molecule's solid-state behavior.
  • These findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic molecules.