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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development01:17

Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group effort.
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
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The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

Three-year-olds hide their communicative intentions in appropriate contexts.

Gerlind Grosse1, Thomas C Scott-Phillips, Michael Tomasello

  • 1Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Developmental Psychology
|March 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Three-year-olds understand complex communication by helping find a hidden toy while concealing their actions. This demonstrates early grasp of intentionality in cooperative communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Human cooperative communication involves informative and communicative intentions.
  • Understanding layered intentionality is crucial for effective social interaction.
  • The development of these communicative intentions in children is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether young children understand the concept of hidden authorship in communication.
  • To assess if children aged 3 and 5 can differentiate between informative and communicative intentions.
  • To explore the developmental trajectory of understanding layered intentionality in children.

Main Methods:

  • Children were presented with a scenario where an adult sought a toy but wished to find it independently.
  • Participants observed children's actions in response to the adult's search.
  • Researchers analyzed whether children facilitated the discovery while simultaneously concealing their assistance.

Main Results:

  • Children aged 3 and 5 years old demonstrated a capacity for hidden authorship.
  • They acted to make the toy more visible yet concealed their helpful actions.
  • This behavior indicates an understanding of the adult's desire for independent discovery.

Conclusions:

  • By age 3, children can separate the multiple layers of intentionality in cooperative communication.
  • This suggests an early development of sophisticated social-cognitive abilities.
  • The findings contribute to understanding the foundations of human communication.