Screening for TB in high school adolescents in a high burden setting in South Africa

Screening for tuberculosis (TB) disease is important for TB control and TB vaccine efficacy trials but this has not been evaluated in adolescents. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of active TB and performance of specific screening tests for TB in adolescents in a high burden setting. Adolescents aged 12-18 years were recruited from high schools in a rural town in South Africa. Participants were screened for active TB using symptoms, household TB contact, positive interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and positive tuberculin skin test (TST). Of 6363 adolescents recruited, 21 were newly diagnosed with TB of whom 19 were culture positive. After exclusions, the derived prevalence of smear positive TB was 16/5682 = 3/1000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1-4/1000). The sensitivity of TST and IGRA for active TB were 85% (95% CI 62-100%) and 94% (95% CI 79-100%) respectively. None of the methods alone or in combination had positive predictive values greater than 2%. The screening tools evaluated in this study may not be practical for routine use owing to low positive predictive values but may be useful in TB vaccine clinical trials.