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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Tunable T cell immunity towards a protein antigen using polymersomes vs. solid-core nanoparticles.

Armando Stano1, Evan A Scott, Karen Y Dane

  • 1Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Biomaterials
|March 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Different nanocarrier designs, polymersomes (PSs) and nanoparticles (NPs), elicit distinct immune responses. PSs enhance CD4(+) T cell immunity, while NPs boost CD8(+) T cell responses, offering versatile vaccine development strategies.

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Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles

Published on: November 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanocarriers are crucial for vaccine development, influencing immune responses.
  • Poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) form versatile nanocarrier platforms.
  • Polymersomes (PSs) with watery cores and nanoparticles (NPs) with solid cores offer distinct antigen presentation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare immune responses induced by PSs (antigen-incorporated) and NPs (antigen-conjugated).
  • To investigate the potential of PSs in inducing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses.
  • To evaluate the combined effect of PSs and NPs on T cell immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized PPS-bl-PEG polymersomes (PSs) and PEG-stabilized PPS nanoparticles (NPs).
  • Incorporated ovalbumin (OVA) into PSs or conjugated it onto NPs.
  • Administered free OVA, OVA-loaded PSs, OVA-conjugated NPs, or a mixture to C57BL/6 mice with CpG adjuvant.
  • Assessed antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in spleen, lymph nodes, and lungs.

Main Results:

  • Antigen-loaded PSs significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell frequencies compared to NPs.
  • Antigen-conjugated NPs induced stronger antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
  • Co-administration of both PSs and NPs resulted in simultaneous strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • The nanocarrier structure (watery-core PSs vs. solid-core NPs) dictates the type of T cell response elicited.
  • PSs are effective for inducing CD4(+) T helper cell responses.
  • NPs are effective for inducing CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
  • Combining different nanocarrier systems allows for tailored induction of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell immunity, crucial for effective vaccine design.