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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
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Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

The mitochondrial genome encodes abundant small noncoding RNAs.

Seungil Ro1, Hsiu-Yen Ma, Chanjae Park

  • 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.

Cell Research
|March 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The mammalian mitochondrial genome encodes thousands of small noncoding RNAs, termed mitochondrial genome-encoded small RNAs (mitosRNAs). These mitosRNAs may regulate mitochondrial gene expression.

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Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA
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Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Published on: November 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Small noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression.
  • Previously, all small noncoding RNAs were thought to originate from the nuclear genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and function of small noncoding RNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of murine and human mitochondrial genomes.
  • Assessment of mitosRNA production following DICER inactivation.
  • In vitro overexpression studies.
  • In vivo analysis of mitochondrial gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Thousands of small noncoding RNAs, termed mitochondrial genome-encoded small RNAs (mitosRNAs), are encoded by the mitochondrial genome.
  • MitosRNAs are primarily derived from sense transcripts of mitochondrial genes.
  • DICER inactivation partially affected mitosRNA production, suggesting involvement of other ribonucleases.
  • Overexpression of mitosRNAs enhanced host gene expression in vitro.
  • Dysregulated mitosRNA expression correlated with aberrant mitochondrial gene expression in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The mammalian mitochondrial genome encodes abundant mitosRNAs beyond the known protein-coding and RNA genes.
  • MitosRNAs likely play a significant regulatory role in controlling mitochondrial gene expression.