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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Published on: January 7, 2019

Vaccine and immunotherapeutic interventions.

Giuseppe Pantaleo1, Yves Lévy

  • 1Division of Immunology and Allergy and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. giuseppe.pantaleo@chuv.ch

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
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Despite advances in HIV treatment, the virus rebounds after therapy cessation. Immune-based interventions, including therapeutic vaccination, are crucial for a functional HIV cure by restoring virus-specific T-cell responses and targeting the latent reservoir.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically reduced HIV morbidity and mortality.
  • Long-term HIV treatment suppresses the virus but does not eliminate it or restore immune control.
  • HIV invariably rebounds upon treatment interruption, highlighting the need for immune-based cure strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immune interventions aimed at achieving a functional HIV cure.
  • To discuss strategies for improving immune-based therapies and overcoming challenges in their evaluation.
  • To highlight current assays for monitoring therapeutic effects and their limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent immune interventions and therapeutic vaccination strategies for HIV.
  • Analysis of approaches targeting the HIV latent reservoir.
  • Discussion of challenges in monitoring and evaluating the clinical efficacy of immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Therapeutic vaccination and immune interventions aim to restore HIV-specific T-cell responses for a functional cure.
  • Controlling and eliminating the HIV latent reservoir remains a significant challenge.
  • Early clinical studies show promising results, with vaccination impacting HIV viral load.

Conclusions:

  • Immune interventions are essential for functional HIV cure, complementing antiretroviral therapy.
  • Improving immune-based strategies and developing reliable monitoring assays are critical.
  • Measuring the clinical efficacy and benefits of immunotherapeutic interventions for HIV presents significant challenges.