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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

Central brain herniation in shunted Dandy Walker cyst.

Tafadzwa Mandiwanza1, Chandrasekaran Kaliaperumal, John Caird

  • 1Paediatric Neurosurgery Department, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland. fadzi411@gmail.com

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|March 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Dandy-Walker Syndrome (DWS) treatment can lead to chronic central brain herniation (CCBH). This case report details an unusual instance of CCBH following shunt revision in a pediatric patient with DWS.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Congenital Disorders

Background:

  • Dandy-Walker Syndrome (DWS) is a congenital brain malformation characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia, fourth ventricle dilation, and enlarged posterior fossa.
  • Hydrocephalus is common in DWS, necessitating interventions like shunting or endoscopic fenestration.
  • Chronic cerebral herniation is a recognized complication of DWS treatment.

Observation:

  • A 2-year-old boy with shunted DWS presented with status epilepticus.
  • Initial imaging revealed no shunt malfunction, but a failed reservoir tap prompted shunt revision.
  • Postoperatively, the patient exhibited delayed awakening and signs of severe central brain herniation.

Findings:

  • MRI confirmed severe herniation of both thalami through the tentorium.
  • This herniation was attributed to chronic central brain herniation (CCBH) secondary to cyst shunting.
  • This represents the first reported case of CCBH following DWS cyst treatment.

Implications:

  • Highlights a rare but serious complication of DWS management.
  • Underscores the importance of vigilant neurological monitoring in shunted DWS patients.
  • May prompt re-evaluation of current treatment protocols for DWS-associated hydrocephalus.