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Related Concept Videos

Microbial Interactions: Cooperation01:26

Microbial Interactions: Cooperation

Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Microtubule Formation01:23

Microtubule Formation

Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation of...
Microtubules01:18

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory appendages like cilia and flagella. In eukaryotic cells, microtubules form specialized extensions for moving fluid over the surface, like those found in cells lining the intestine.
Microtubules have two structurally similar globular protein subunits: α and β tubulins. In the cytosol, the α and β tubulins form a heterodimer. These αβ-heterodimers...
Microtubules01:35

Microtubules

There are three types of cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the thickest of these fibers. Microtubules carry out a variety of functions that include cell structure and support, transport of organelles, cell motility (movement), and the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast
10:23

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Published on: April 20, 2017

Microtubules and biotic interactions.

Adrienne R Hardham1

  • 1Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. Adrienne.Hardham@anu.edu.au

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|March 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant microtubules are crucial for both beneficial symbiotic relationships and defense against pathogens. Their reorganization by microbes can either aid plant immunity or increase susceptibility, depending on the specific interaction.

Keywords:
mechanosensingmicrotubulesplant defenceplant-pathogen interactionsplant-symbiont interactionssymbiosis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cell biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Plant microtubules are dynamic structures essential for cell division and structure.
  • Microtubules play roles in plant responses to various biotic interactions, including symbiosis and pathogen attack.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of plant microtubules during interactions with symbiotic and pathogenic organisms.
  • To explore how pathogens manipulate plant microtubules and the implications for plant defense.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on plant-microbe interactions and microtubule dynamics.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence detailing pathogen-induced alterations to microtubule arrays.

Main Results:

  • Successful symbioses involve novel microtubule arrays facilitating pathogen entry.
  • Viruses and nematodes hijack plant microtubules for movement and cell manipulation.
  • Pathogens often induce microtubule depolymerization, which can either enhance or reduce plant defense.

Conclusions:

  • Plant microtubules are key players in both establishing symbiotic relationships and mounting defense responses.
  • The outcome of microtubule reorganization during biotic interactions is context-dependent, influenced by the specific microbe involved.