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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning
04:36

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Recent progress in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Satoshi Akagi1, Masaya Geshi, Takashi Nagai

  • 1Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan. akagi@affrc.go.jp

Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho
|March 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has similar early embryo development but low full-term success. Problems like epigenetic defects cause high losses in cloned calves, hindering SCNT applications.

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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Animal cloning
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) achieves blastocyst development comparable to in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  • However, SCNT faces significant challenges in full-term development, leading to high embryonic and fetal losses post-transfer.
  • Cloned calves exhibit increased birth weight and postnatal mortality, indicating developmental issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and recent advancements in bovine SCNT.
  • To identify the causes of low efficiency and developmental problems in SCNT-derived cattle.
  • To discuss strategies for improving the production of healthy cloned calves.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on bovine SCNT.
  • It analyzes data on early and late-stage embryo development.
  • It discusses epigenetic reprogramming and its impact on cloned offspring.

Main Results:

  • SCNT embryos show similar blastocyst rates to IVF embryos.
  • Full-term development of SCNT embryos is significantly impaired.
  • Incomplete nuclear reprogramming and epigenetic defects are primary causes of SCNT inefficiency and developmental abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Improving SCNT efficiency requires addressing incomplete reprogramming and epigenetic defects.
  • Further research is crucial for enhancing the production of healthy cloned cattle.
  • Advances in SCNT are essential for its practical applications in the future.