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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Published on: August 15, 2019

Challenges and opportunities in restoring function after paralysis.

P Hunter Peckham1, Kevin L Kilgore

  • 1Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA. pxp2@case.edu

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
|March 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurotechnology advances restore function in paralytic disorders through neural interfaces and neuroplasticity. Emerging techniques offer greater precision and combined approaches for enhanced patient independence and quality of life.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Published on: March 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Neurotechnology has significantly advanced interfaces for the nervous system to restore function in paralytic disorders.
  • Current technologies include external/percutaneous stimulation for voluntary function and implanted stimulators for neuroprosthetic restoration.
  • Neuroplasticity offers functional restoration in cases with retained neural circuits (e.g., spinal cord injury, stroke).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future directions of neurotechnology for restoring function in paralytic disorders.
  • To highlight advances in both restoring voluntary function and augmenting it with neuroprosthetics.
  • To discuss the potential of novel stimulation techniques and combined approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current neurotechnological interventions for paralytic disorders.
  • Analysis of technologies for restoring voluntary function versus neuroprosthetic restoration.
  • Exploration of neuroplasticity, neural prostheses, and emerging techniques like optical and magnetic stimulation.
  • Discussion of challenges in clinical translation and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Neurotechnology enables restoration of voluntary function and muscle activation for movement.
  • Neural prostheses can restore movement, bladder/bowel control, respiration, and cough in complete loss of neural control.
  • Advances in inhibiting neural activity address pain and spasticity, complementing activation techniques.
  • Emerging optical and magnetic stimulation techniques show promise alongside electrical stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Combined approaches, integrating regeneration, neuroplasticity, and neural prostheses, are likely most effective for functional restoration.
  • Greater understanding of mechanisms and more precise neural interfaces are crucial for future clinical advances.
  • Successful clinical translation of these neurotechnologies offers substantial independence and improved quality of life for patients with paralytic disorders.