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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

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Bidirectional Retroviral Integration Site PCR Methodology and Quantitative Data Analysis Workflow
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Drug target discovery using retroviruses.

Magnus Blø1, David R Micklem, James B Lorens

  • 1University of Bergen, Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009, Bergen, Norway +47 55 58 67 76 ; +47 55 58 63 60 ; jim.lorens@biomed.uib.no.

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
|March 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Phenotypic genetic screens using retroviral vectors identify therapeutic drug targets. This approach links dominant genetics with drug action for novel target discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug target discovery integrates genetic and chemical screening.
  • Phenotypic genetic screens link dominant genetics with drug action.
  • Retroviral vectors offer flexible, stable delivery of genetic effectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innovations in therapeutic target discovery using retroviral vectors.
  • To highlight the role of phenotypic genetic screens in identifying drug targets.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing vector-expressed dominant genetic effectors (e.g., peptides, RNA interference).
  • Employing retroviral systems for stable genetic effector delivery to mammalian cells.
  • Conducting phenotypic screens to identify genes whose inhibition yields therapeutic effects.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic screens reveal genes targeted for therapeutic benefit.
  • Correlation of genetic inhibition with protein activity defines drug target candidates.
  • Retroviral vectors facilitate efficient and predetermined genetic modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Retroviral vectors are a favored system for phenotypic screening in drug discovery.
  • Innovations in retroviral vector technology enhance therapeutic target identification.
  • This approach provides a conceptual platform linking genetics and drug action.