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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Bioreactor Design and Operational System01:29

Bioreactor Design and Operational System

Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
Bioreactor Controls-III01:22

Bioreactor Controls-III

Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...
Scale-Up Processes01:14

Scale-Up Processes

The scale-up of microbial fermentation processes is essential in industrial biotechnology, allowing the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to commercial-scale production while aiming to maintain product yield and quality. This process requires meticulous adjustment of equipment design, process parameters, and contamination control strategies to accommodate increasing culture volumes.At the laboratory scale, cultures are typically maintained in 1 to 10-liter glass or autoclavable...

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A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
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Published on: February 10, 2023

Improving chemical synthesis using flow reactors.

Charlotte Wiles1, Paul Watts

  • 1University of Hull, Department of Chemistry, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK +44 (0)1482 466410 ; P.Watts@hull.ac.uk.

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
|March 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous flow reactors offer a flexible approach for pharmaceutical development, aiding in lead compound generation and scaling up production. This technology streamlines drug discovery and manufacturing processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The pharmaceutical industry faces intense competition, driving the need for efficient lead compound generation and intellectual property protection.
  • Therapeutic compound development relies on both structural complexity and scalable synthetic strategies.
  • Continuous flow reactors are gaining traction for their flexibility in bridging scale-up challenges from discovery to production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the application of continuous flow methodology in drug discovery.
  • To discuss the use of flow reactors in the subsequent production of pharmaceuticals.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on the principles and advantages of continuous flow reactors in synthetic chemistry.
  • Review successful transfers of various reaction classes to flow conditions.
  • Emphasize the scalability and flexibility of flow chemistry.

Main Results:

  • Continuous flow reactors facilitate efficient lead compound identification and development.
  • The technology supports seamless scale-up from laboratory synthesis to industrial production.
  • Numerous reaction types have been successfully adapted to continuous flow processes.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous flow methodology is a valuable tool for modern drug discovery and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
  • The adaptability of flow reactors addresses key challenges in scaling synthetic routes.
  • Further research and implementation of flow chemistry are crucial for pharmaceutical innovation.