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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
Positive Regulator Molecules02:39

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
Positive Regulator Molecules01:45

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
06:53

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Published on: November 11, 2016

Circadian rhythms regulate amelogenesis.

Li Zheng1, Yoon Ji Seon, Marcio A Mourão

  • 1Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Bone
|March 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circadian rhythms regulate enamel formation. Key clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2) and enamel-specific genes (Amelx, Klk4) oscillate in ameloblasts, suggesting daily control over tooth enamel development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Ameloblasts are crucial for enamel formation, exhibiting stage-specific gene expression.
  • Circadian rhythms are known regulators of tissue development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of clock genes in amelogenesis.
  • Explore the connection between circadian rhythms and enamel formation.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing the expression of clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2) in ameloblasts.
  • Assessing the expression of enamel formation markers (Amelx, Klk4).
  • Evaluating the impact of Bmal1 overexpression on gene expression in ameloblast cells.

Main Results:

  • Core clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2) exhibit circadian oscillations in ameloblasts at RNA and protein levels.
  • Enamel formation markers Amelx and Klk4 show 24-hour oscillatory patterns.
  • Amelx and Klk4 expression increased following Bmal1 overexpression in HAT-7 cells.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian rhythms likely control both secretory and maturation stages of amelogenesis.
  • Altered clock gene expression may significantly impact enamel apposition and mineralization.